Documentation Tools

Estimated time: 25 minutes

Overview

Questions

• “What tools enable better documentation?”
• “What tools can streamline the documentation process?”

Objectives

• “Become familiar with categories of tools to streamline documentation processes.”
• “Practice using a small subset of documentation tools.”

Documentation Tools

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There are plenty of tools to make documentation easier. In this episode, we will cover just a few, but keep in mind, this is by no means an exhaustive list.

Style Guides and Standards

A good first step to streamline the documentation process is to create or apply an existing style guide. This is useful both for developer and user documentation.

For users, common standards and styles makes the documentation predictable, consistent, and easier to read and use. For developers, common standards and styles allow developers to focus more on logic than styling and makes fewer ambiguities and increases the chance that they will identify errors.

There is no single standard across all languages and projects. Some language style guides have specific recommendations for in-line documentation like code comments and API documentation (e.g., Doxygen, Google, NumPy).

PRACTICE: Google Style for Euler’s Method

Google has many style guides, including a Python guide for writing docstrings.

Using the Google style guide, write a docstring for the following class and its methods:

PYTHON

class EulersMethod(self):
   def deriv(self, x, y):
       return y**2 + y*x + x**3
   def approx(self, y, x, h):
       y_j = y + h*self.deriv(x, y)
       x_j = x + h
       return y_j, x_j

IDEs

Modern integrated development environments (IDEs) are applications that combine text editing with other useful tools like building, testing, etc. Many also enable automatic documentation generation in some variety. To name a few:

IDE	Languages
VSCode	PHP, HTML, CSS, SCSS, Less, JavaScript, JSON, TypeScript, Markdown, PowerShell, C++, Java, Python, Go, T-SQL, C#, .NET Core, etc.
NetBeans	C, C++, C++11, Fortran, HTML 5, Java, PHP, etc.
PyCharm	AngularJS, Coffee Script, CSS, Cython, HTML, JavaScript, Node.js, Python, TypeScript
Eclipse	C, C++, Java, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, etc.

Many of these IDEs incorporate documentation generators that follow standard style guides. For example, the Spyder IDE will begin to generate docstrings based on your specified style guide.

Automated Generation

Another set of tools that streamline the documentation process are those that automatically generate the documentation within your software package. The two most popular documentation generators are:

1. Doxygen
2. Sphinx

Both of these tools will generate documentation, per configuration preferences, and automatically integrate information like API documentation.

PRACTICE: Trying out Sphinx

We will quickly practice getting Sphinx set up on a project.

NOTE: These steps assume you are working from the command line and have a clone of your practice repository.

0. (OPTIONAL, but recommended) Make a virtual Python environment

BASH

# MacOS/Linux
python -m venv virtual-python
source virtual-python/bin/activate

1. Install sphinx: pip install sphinx
2. Move to your practice directory: cd /path/to/your/practice/repository
3. Make and move to a document directory: mkdir docs && cd docs
4. Run Sphinx’s quickstart: sphinx-quickstart (NOTE: Use default options as applicable; fill out everything else as you desire.)
5. Generate the documentation: make html
6. View your documentation: open _build/html/index.html

Automated Publishing

Potentially the most helpful method of streamlining the documentation process is to implement automated publishing. By implementing this, when a new feature or change is merged into your code base, your documentation will be generated and published automatically. Two popular documentation hosting tools are:

1. ReadtheDocs
2. GitHub Pages

Both of these services will publish documentation from open source software for free. They can be set up to publish the most recent version of all documentation as soon as a new change is introduced to the main code.

We will practice doing this with GitHub Pages. Before getting into the exercise, you will need to make sure GitHub Pages is activated on your practice repository.

1. Make a gh-pages branch. Either from the GUI or through command line, make a new branch named gh-pages. In the GUI, you would do this by clicking on the branches link: Then click on “New branch”: Name it gh-pages:
2. Set up GitHub to build from that branch. In the GUI, go to “Settings” > “Pages”: Change the settings to “Source: Deploy from branch”, “Branch: gh-pages”, and “directory /docs”. Then hit “Save.”

Now complete the following exercise!

PRACTICE: Sphinx to GitHub Pages

Now that we have some starter documentation, let’s publish it to GitHub Pages.

NOTE: These steps assume you are working from the command line and have a clone of your practice repository.

1. Make a local copy of the gh-pages branch: git -b checkout gh-pages
2. Set your local copy to track GitHub’s copy: git push --set-upstream origin gh-pages
3. Move to the docs directory and clean up the previous build: cd docs && make clean
4. Change the default build location: For Makefile and make.bat, change BUILDDIR = _build to BUILDDIR = .
5. Make your documentation: make html
6. Make a file index.html in the docs directory with the content: <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; url=./html/index.html" /> (NOTE: This tells GitHub to use the html/index.html file as the main page.)
7. Add all your changes, commit, and push: git add docs/ && git commit -m "Add documentation to GitHub Pages" && git push
8. Wait a minute or two, then view your documentation at https://YOURUSERNAME.github.io/intersect-practice-repo/html/index.html

What happened to the styling?!

GitHub renders styles in a unique way using Jekyll. We can turn this off by adding an empty .nojekyll file in the docs directory.

That’s it! You now know some useful tips and tricks for making better documentation.

Key Points

• “Documentation tools vary from styles to text editors to automation.”
• “Many tools have quick-start capabilities to get small or new projects started with better documentation processes.”